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Q. What is evidence (pramana)?
A. Pramana is that by which the truth is ascertained.
Q. How many types of evidence are there?
A. There are three types.
Q. What are they?
A. Spiritual sound (sabda), direct perception (pratyaksa), and logic (anumana).
Q. What is spiritual sound?
A. All the Vedic scriptures are evidence in the form of spiritual sound, for they are the incarnation of self-evident knowledge (svatah-siddha-jnana). They alone are the best form of evidence. The reason for this is without such a form of evidence, it is not possible to know the truth that lives eternally beyond temporary matter.
Q. Why can't the Lord or the spiritual world be observed by direct perception and logic?
A. Evidence by direct perception (pratyaksa) is merely knowledge gathered by materialistic sensual impressions; and logic (anumana) can draw conclusions only to the extent of that same resource of material observation. These two forms of evidence can only give knowledge of the material world and nothing else.
Q. Then why do we accept the processes of direct perception and logic in ascertaining the truth of the supreme goal of life?
A. Because they are effective tools with which to confirm the perfect truthfulness of that information received from the sabda-pramana (evidence as spiritual sound; the Vedas).
Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura's explanation with regards to the verse 'aradhyo bhagavan vrajesa' and His own dasa-mula explanations:
" In this regard, Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura has written in His Bengali magazine Sri Sajjana-Tosani, Volume 4, Issue 3 an article entitled "Nutana Patrika" ("A Recent Letter"):
"Srinatha Cakravarti Thakura has certainly manifested the opinion of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu in this verse, but it does not provide a full synopsis of all philosophical truths. The verse omits many important principles like jiva-tattva (the truth of the spirit soul), jada-tattva (principles of material elements), sakti-tattva (the Lord's energies), sadhana-bhaktitattva (principles for executing devotional service), etc. Therefore, in deliberations on the absolute truth, the verse is incomplete. Now there is a need to preach all the important truths, just as they are described in the Sat-Sandarbha of Srila Jiva Goswami... Krsna, Krsna-sakti, Krsna-lilatmaka- bhagavat-tattva, two types of the Lord's separately expanded spirit souls (nitya-baddha and nitya-mukta jiva-tattva), mayatattva that surrounds the fallen jivas, sadhana-tattva (techniques of devotion), sadhya-tattva (the goal of devotion) Ч all these tattvas can be separated into nine categories of truth.
These nine truths are the most important principles that are provable (prameya), and the tenth item is the proof (pramana), which consists of the self-evident Veda-sastra as well as the smrti-sastra (supplementary scriptures) headed by the Bhagavatam. Vaishnava devotees of the Lord cannot become fixed up in true Vedanta philosophy without understanding these ten separate points."
namo bhaktivinodaya sac-cid-ananda namine gaura sakti-svarupaya rupanuga varaya te
Reprinted with permission from "Krsna Prema Vani", Volume 2, Number 2 Copyright, Hari Nama Mission, Badger, California
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